Tomasz Kędziora began his football career in the academy of Lechia Zielona Góra before joining Lech Poznań's youth system at the age of 16. He made his first-team debut for Lech in July 2012 in a UEFA Europa League qualifier and soon established himself as a regular starter. During five seasons with the club, he made 151 appearances, scored 10 goals, won the Polish Ekstraklasa title in 2014/15, and lifted the Polish Super Cup twice.

In July 2017, Kędziora signed a four-year contract with Dynamo Kyiv, marking the first move abroad of his career. He quickly became the club's first-choice right-back and played a key role in the team's domestic success. During his first spell at Dynamo, he won the Ukrainian Premier League (2020/21), two Ukrainian Cups (2019/20, 2020/21), and three Ukrainian Super Cups (2018, 2019, 2020). His consistent performances also earned him a contract extension until 2024, and he made his UEFA Champions League group-stage debut in 2020.

Following the outbreak of the full-scale war in Ukraine, Kędziora spent loan spells with Lech Poznań and later with PAOK in Greece. After leaving Dynamo by mutual agreement in the summer of 2024, he signed a permanent contract with PAOK, where he successfully transitioned from right-back to central defender. He became one of the league's top defenders and helped PAOK win the Greek championship in 2024.

In June 2026, Kędziora returned to Dynamo Kyiv as a free agent. By the time of his return, he had made nearly 200 appearances for the club across all competitions, bringing valuable experience and an impressive list of domestic trophies back to the team.

At international level, Kędziora represented Poland at every major youth level and captained the U21 national team at the 2017 UEFA European Under-21 Championship. He made his senior debut for Poland in November 2017 and later became the national team's first-choice right-back following the retirement of long-time captain Łukasz Piszczek from international football.